हरिः ॐ | नमो नमः |
HariH OM| namo namaH|
Rama sees an elephant.
रामः गजं पश्यति |
The boy sees an ant.
बालकः पिपीलिकां पश्यति |
Though it requires memorization of one less form in the case of neuter gender, it requires additional analysis to identify if the word is used as the subject of the sentence or as the object of the sentence. The only way to tell is by the context in which the word is used. Here is an example:
The boy sees an egg in the nest. (Sees what? Sees an egg. Here "an egg" is the object)
बालकः नीडे अण्डं पश्यति |
An egg is in the nest. (What is the subject of this sentence? Well, an egg. Hence it is the subject!)
अण्डं नीडे अस्ति .
गजः गच्छति | गजाः गच्छन्ति |
An elephant goes. Elephants go.
सः गच्छति | ते गच्छन्ति |
He goes. They go.
बालिका विद्यालयम् गच्छति | बालिकाः विद्यालयम् गच्छन्ति |
A girl goes to school. Girls go to school.
Please note that gender of the subject does not impact the tense formation. Verb conjugations vary only by person and number. Please refer to Vocabulary List for more verbs.
Assignment:
Please form simple sentences with a subject, verb in present tense and an object.
Please vary the subject for singular and plural, in First Person.
ॐ शान्तिः शान्तिः शान्तिः|
With that we concluded the class. Please practice forming sentences until we meet on Feb 23, 2014.
HariH OM| namo namaH|
We quickly reviewed the concepts that we had learned in the past: nouns & pronouns, three genders, three numbers, then followed by declensions of the nouns for nominative case, genitive case, and locative case.
We then proceeded to learn about accusative case, or, dvitiiya vibhakti.
We then proceeded to learn about accusative case, or, dvitiiya vibhakti.
द्वितीया विभक्तिः = Accusative Case
When a noun is used to denote the object of an action in a sentence, it is used in the accusative case. Object of the sentence goes hand in hand with the action verb of the sentence. By asking a question what or whom in conjuction with the verb, one can identify the object of the action.
In the case of most masculine and feminine nouns, in ekavachanam (singular), dvitiiya vibhakti is formed by adding anusvaaraH to the end of the root word. In the case of neuter-genders, the nominative and accusative case forms are identical.
Let us look at some examples:
In the case of most masculine and feminine nouns, in ekavachanam (singular), dvitiiya vibhakti is formed by adding anusvaaraH to the end of the root word. In the case of neuter-genders, the nominative and accusative case forms are identical.
Let us look at some examples:
| Nominative Case Subject | Accusative Case Object | Root Word Ending - Gender, Number |
| रामः | रामं | akaaraanta pullinga, ekavachanam |
| वृक्षः | वृक्षं | akaaraanta pullinga, ekavachanam |
| सीता | सीताम् | aakaaraanta striilinga, ekavacanam |
| नदी | नदीम् | iikaaraanta striilinga, ekavacanam |
| गृहम् | गृहम् | akaaranta napumsaka linga, ekavacanam |
| वनम् | वनम् | akaaranta napumsaka linga, ekavacanam |
Rama sees an elephant.
रामः गजं पश्यति |
The boy sees an ant.
बालकः पिपीलिकां पश्यति |
Though it requires memorization of one less form in the case of neuter gender, it requires additional analysis to identify if the word is used as the subject of the sentence or as the object of the sentence. The only way to tell is by the context in which the word is used. Here is an example:
The boy sees an egg in the nest. (Sees what? Sees an egg. Here "an egg" is the object)
बालकः नीडे अण्डं पश्यति |
An egg is in the nest. (What is the subject of this sentence? Well, an egg. Hence it is the subject!)
अण्डं नीडे अस्ति .
We finally reached where all action happens !!!
Verbs - क्रिया पदानि / तिङ्ग् अन्तः
Verbs are interesting, action packed and bring life to any language. In sanskrit, verbs originate from root words, known as dhaatuH, धातुः . Verbs have tenses or moods. Verb tenses and moods vary based on Person and Number. Verbs have to agree with the subject in number. Verbs in any tense and mood can be of one of the three persons, based on who is doing the action.
Now Person, in sanskrit is known as पुरुषः (puruShaH).
पुरुषः ( puruShaH) is of three categories. Conceptually it is different from the Person associated with verbs in English language.
1. प्रथम पुरुषः ( First Person)
2. मध्यम पुरुषः (Middle / Intermediate Person)
3. उत्तम पुरुषः (Chief / Principal Person)
| Person | Singular | Dual | Plural |
| प्रथम पुरुषः | सः (He) सा (She) तत् (It) रामः (Rama) भवान् | तौ ते ते रामौ भवन्तौ | ते (They) ताः (They) तानि (They) रामाः (Ramas) भवन्तः |
| मध्यम पुरुषः | त्वम् (You) | युवाम् | यूयम |
| उत्तम पुरुषः | अहम् (I) | आवाम् | वयम् (We) |
From the root or dhaatu, a verb stem known as anga, अङ्गः is formed. For each tense/mood, 9 different terminations are added to the stem, depending on the person and number (3 * 3).
Now let us look at the terminations for Present Tense - lat lakaaraH.
गम् - to go
We practiced forming sentences in present tense, for prathama puruShaH, eka vachanam and bahu vachanam combinations.Now let us look at the terminations for Present Tense - lat lakaaraH.
गम् - to go
| Person | Singular | Dual | Plural |
| प्रथम पुरुषः | गच्छति | गच्छतः | गच्छन्ति |
| मध्यम पुरुषः | गच्छसि | गच्छथः | गच्छथ |
| उत्तम पुरुषः | गच्छामि | गच्छावः | गच्छामः |
गजः गच्छति | गजाः गच्छन्ति |
An elephant goes. Elephants go.
सः गच्छति | ते गच्छन्ति |
He goes. They go.
बालिका विद्यालयम् गच्छति | बालिकाः विद्यालयम् गच्छन्ति |
A girl goes to school. Girls go to school.
Please note that gender of the subject does not impact the tense formation. Verb conjugations vary only by person and number. Please refer to Vocabulary List for more verbs.
Assignment:
Please form simple sentences with a subject, verb in present tense and an object.
Please vary the subject for singular and plural, in First Person.
ॐ शान्तिः शान्तिः शान्तिः|
With that we concluded the class. Please practice forming sentences until we meet on Feb 23, 2014.
